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The ETG Economics blog

Exam technique, the syllabus in the real world, and the JC decisions that matter.

Written by Mr Eugene Toh, who wrote the H1 and H2 TYS answer keys and still teaches every cohort. Free to read, because the thinking should be.

Start here

How to choose an economics tutor in Singapore.

An honest guide to what actually separates one economics tutor from another, and how to judge a centre before you commit a year to it.

Read the guide
How to build an A level economics revision timetable that worksExam Skills & Technique
How to score an A in H2 economicsExam Skills & Technique

Exam Skills & Technique

Score the marks the examiner is paid to reward

Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to build an A level economics revision timetable that worksThe block method: subject weighting maths, the 25 to 75 split, and the 14 day buffer.Exam Skills & TechniqueThe H2 economics exam format, explained properlyThe exact 9570 structure, the four assessment objectives, and why 84 percent of the paper is really a writing exam.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to score an A in H2 economicsThe definitive A grade method: 4E and DATE, real evaluation, marked volume, and time.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to write A level economics essays that score an AThe essay craft for Paper 2: the first two minutes, the 4E paragraph, structure by mark, and the evaluation that earns the A.Exam Skills & TechniqueWhy a B in economics is a writing gap, not a knowledge gapWhy most B students do not have a content problem, and the technique that closes the gap.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to revise economics effectivelyStudy backwards, not forwards: model answers as primary material, the test of real understanding, and the 25 to 75 split.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to study economics in a monthA calm, honest, last-minute plan: triage to technique, study backwards, and get your writing marked.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow many essays for A level economicsHow many essays you really need, and the four steps that make each one count.Exam Skills & TechniqueThe DATE framework for economics case studiesThe case study craft for Paper 1: the DATE method, reading a case, gating by marks, and protecting the 12 marker.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to write evaluation in economicsThe single skill that separates a B from an A: how to generate AO4 evaluation on any question, with the lens.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to get motivated to study for the A levelsWhy motivation is a switch and not a slider, how to make what you want concrete, and the signs it has flipped.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to study A level economics: the whole study systemThe whole A level economics study system on one page: the five moves, built around writing, that the cluster orbits.Exam Skills & TechniqueA level economics past year papersHow to use the Ten Year Series properly: attempt it backwards, mark it against a model, correct it, range it.Exam Skills & TechniqueWhat to do during the June holidays for A level economicsThe honest field guide to the June holidays: rest first, the audit, practice before content, and the fortnight's volume targets.Exam Skills & TechniqueThe IB economics IA: how to write a commentary that scoresA practical guide to the IB economics IA: the portfolio of three commentaries, choosing the article, the diagram, evaluation and the key concept.Exam Skills & TechniqueIB economics Paper 3: the HL policy paper, decodedWhat the HL only policy paper tests, how to handle the quantitative parts and the policy recommendation, the calculations to drill, and how to prepare.Exam Skills & TechniqueThe four exercise book system for organising A level economics revisionFour exercise books, each with one job, so your own corrections become the thing you revise from.Exam Skills & TechniqueHow to use the SEAB syllabus as a revision checklistPrint the SEAB syllabus, grade every line A, B or C, and revise your weak topics first: the audit almost no student runs.

Choosing Economics & Your JC Path

H1 or H2, IB, and whether the subject is for you

Choosing Economics & Your JC PathHow to choose the best economics tuition in SingaporeAn honest, seven point guide to judging any economics tutor before you commit a year.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathH1 vs H2 economics: why H2 is the more sensible choiceThe honest, rational case for taking H2 economics, and the narrow situations where H1 is the smarter call.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathIs H2 economics hard? An honest answerYes, H2 economics is hard, but in a trainable way, not in a way that needs a special kind of student. The honest answer for a worried JC student.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathDo you need economics tuition?The honest answer: not necessarily. The one thing that is hard to get alone, and why most students still benefit.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathIB economics HL vs SL: which should you takeAn honest guide to IB economics HL vs SL: who HL suits, when SL is the smarter call, and the skill that earns the grade at both levels.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathThe H2 economics syllabus (9570)The 9570 syllabus mapped: the micro and macro themes, the two papers and four assessment objectives, and how to revise from it.Choosing Economics & Your JC PathThe H1 economics syllabus (8843)The 8843 syllabus mapped: the micro and macro it covers, how it differs from H2, the single paper, and how to revise from it.

Admissions, Grading & Results

Rank points, results day, and what comes next

Admissions, Grading & ResultsI flunked my A levels, what nextBad results are one event, not a verdict. The four real routes forward, laid out calmly.Admissions, Grading & ResultsA level results, what nextYour A level results are out, now what? The calm, practical post-results roadmap, whatever the outcome.

Economics in the Real World

The syllabus, seen in the news and in daily life

Economics in the Real WorldThe economics of concert ticket pricingWhy one show has five prices: price discrimination, consumer surplus and dynamic pricing, with the diagram.Economics in the Real WorldThe economics of fish pricesWhy a festive fish can double in price: demand, inelastic supply and elasticity, with the diagram.Economics in the Real WorldGame theory in economicsThe prisoner's dilemma, dominant strategies and Nash equilibrium, and how they explain price wars and unstable cartels.Economics in the Real WorldWhat is a recessionWhat a recession really is: the business cycle, the causes, the effects, and the Singapore angle, with the diagram.Economics in the Real WorldHow the economy worksA simple model of the whole economy: transactions, the spending loop, credit cycles, and productivity.

Econs in the News

Current issues, explained as A Level economics

Econs in the NewsThe economics of COE pricesWhy a COE can cost more than a car: a fixed, quota-limited supply, a price set by demand, and the revenue trap that locks the policy in.Econs in the NewsSingapore's carbon taxSingapore's carbon tax is rising to S$45 a tonne: the Pigouvian economics, carbon leakage, energy prices, and the exam angle.Econs in the NewsThe economics of GSTIs GST regressive? Why Singapore's 9 percent tax is broad-based, why transfers beat zero-rating, and how to use it in the exam.Econs in the NewsWhy HDB resale prices are highWhy HDB resale prices are high: strong demand from population, low rates and preferences against a fixed supply, and why cooling measures left the market rigid.Econs in the NewsWhy does Singapore use exchange rate policyWhy Singapore runs monetary policy through the exchange rate, not the interest rate: MAS, the S$NEER and the policy band, with the diagram.Econs in the NewsHow do US tariffs affect SingaporeHow US tariffs actually affect Singapore: protectionism, the small open economy, and why the damage was smaller than the forecast feared.Econs in the NewsWill AI narrow the wage gapWill AI narrow the wage gap or widen it? Mr Toh argues the labour market case both ways: derived demand, wage differentials and a technology shock.Econs in the NewsSingapore's ageing populationSingapore's ageing population, explained as economics: the dependency ratio, the four channels of impact, the Japan comparison, and the policy responses.Econs in the NewsThe economics of healthcare and moral hazardWhy moral hazard makes the case to control healthcare costs sound, and the one class of rare, catastrophic cases where it does not apply.Econs in the NewsWill automation cause unemploymentWill automation cause unemployment? Structural unemployment, the transition, and the trade-offs of retraining, a minimum wage and a universal basic income, with Mr Toh's take.
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